Church historical sites and suggestions for improvement

There are awesome websites about Church History locations. They offer excellent resources. However, the content needs some work to make it more accurate and to better inform readers.

This article mentions the one for Ohio:

https://www.thechurchnews.com/history-archive/2025/04/02/church-launches-new-website-featuring-ohio-historic-sites/

This is the page:

https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/learn/history/sites/ohio?lang=eng

This is the main page:

https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/learn/history/sites?lang=eng

Here's the page for New York/Pennsylvania:

https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/learn/history/sites/new-york-and-pennsylvania?lang=eng

It has an excellent overview map.

(click to enlarge)

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The page for the Book of Mormon fortunately portrays the stone box fairly accurately, without the "sword of Laban" that some people claim was in there, contrary to all the accounts.  

(click to enlarge)

Lucy Mack Smith reported what Moroni told Joseph that first night. 

the record is on a side hill on the Hill of Cumorah 3 miles from this place remove the Grass and moss and you will find a large flat stone pry that up and you will find the record under it laying on 4 pillars

https://www.josephsmithpapers.org/paper-summary/lucy-mack-smith-history-1844-1845/41

Accordingly when the time arrived he went to the place appointed and removed the moss and grass from the surface of the rock and then pryed up the flat stone according to the directions which he had received he then discovered the plates laying on on 4 pillars in the inside of the box

https://www.josephsmithpapers.org/paper-summary/lucy-mack-smith-history-1844-1845/44

In the photograph above, the stone is rounded, which would make it more obvious. Joseph wouldn't need to remove the grass and moss to find it. Lucy's description ("a large flat stone") makes more sense, but her account has been largely ignored.

Which brings up another point.

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The page for Cumorah needs work. I Here are my suggestions:

https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/learn/locations/hill-cumorah?lang=eng

Original in blue, my comments in red, proposed changes in green.

Hill Cumorah

Hill Cumorah in Manchester, New York, is the place where Joseph Smith met annually with the angel Moroni from 1823 to 1827 and obtained the gold plates from which the Book of Mormon would be translated.

This is accurate but incomplete and thus misleading. It leaves readers without an answer to the obvious question: "Why is this hill named Cumorah?" 

It's not a difficult question to answer. 

Proposed emendation. Add the following sentence:

The hill is called "Cumorah" because that's how Moroni identified it when he first visited Joseph in September 1823.

The events that took place at the Hill Cumorah were foundational to the establishment of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Directed by the angel Moroni, Joseph Smith found the golden plates deposited in the hill on September 22, 1823. 

Proposed emendation: Add the following in the narrative or in a footnote:

Joseph's mother explained what Moroni told him that night: "the record is on a side hill on the Hill of Cumorah 3 miles from this place remove the Grass and moss and you will find a large flat stone pry that up and you will find the record under it laying on 4 pillars

https://www.josephsmithpapers.org/paper-summary/lucy-mack-smith-history-1844-1845/41

Joseph then met the angel there on the same date for the next three years until he was finally allowed to obtain the plates on September 22, 1827. 

Proposed emendation: Add the following in the narrative or in a footnote:

Joseph's mother related one of Joseph's encounters with Moroni: "as I passed by the hill of Cumorah, where the plates are, the angel of the Lord met me and said, that I had not been engaged enough in the work of the Lord; that the time had come for the record to <​be​> brought forth; and, that I must be up and doing, and set myself about the things which God had commanded me to do."

https://www.josephsmithpapers.org/paper-summary/lucy-mack-smith-history-1845/111

From those plates, Joseph Smith translated the Book of Mormon by the gift and power of God.

This incomplete paraphrase of what Joseph said omits an essential part of the narrative Joseph and Oliver gave us. It is better for people to see what they actually said.

Proposed emendation. Delete the last sentence and replace it with what Joseph actually said:

Joseph explained that "I obtained them [the plates] and the Urim and Thummim with them, by the means of which I translated the plates and thus came the Book of Mormon." 

https://www.josephsmithpapers.org/paper-summary/elders-journal-july-1838/11

The site includes a variety of trails, the Angel Moroni Monument, and a visitors’ center.

No changes needed.

Although it is commonly known as the Hill Cumorah, this name was not used sometime after the pivotal events of 1823–1827. 

This confusing sentence appears to be missing a word. The historians apparently meant to write "this name was not used until sometime after the pivotal events of 1823–1827." 

But if that is what they meant to write, then the sentence is misleading because there are no known documents from 1823-1827 regarding the plates, the hill, Moroni, the First Vision, or any other Restoration events. 

To be consistent, historians would also observe that "the name "Moroni" was not used until sometime after the pivotal events of 1823-1827." Instead, relying on retrospective accounts, they state the dates of Moroni's visit as a fact. Which is fine.

But to be consistent, they should also state as a fact that it was Moroni who identified the hill as Cumorah in the first place. 

Everything we know about this time period was recorded retrospectively. For example, the claim that Joseph met Moroni in September 1827 is based on retrospective accounts. 

To claim that the name "Cumorah" was not used because there are no known contemporaneous documents is to also claim that none of the other Restoration events took place because there is no known contemporaneous documentation.  

We assume people talked about these events at the time they occurred. They just didn't write anything down until later. Historians rely on Lucy Mack Smith's accounts as the best, and often only, source of information about Joseph Smith's life before people began recording events contemporaneously. 

The selective omission of "Cumorah" from the historical record reflects modern ideological theories, not the historical record. 

Proposed emendation. Replace this confusing sentence with the following. 

The hill is commonly known as the Hill Cumorah because that is what Moroni called it when he first visited Joseph Smith. Oliver Cowdery explained that it was a fact that this is the same hill referenced in Mormon 6:6. 

http://www.josephsmithpapers.org/paper-summary/history-1834-1836/90  

In the latter half of the nineteenth century, many residents of Wayne and Ontario Counties referred to it as “Gold Bible Hill” and “Mormon Hill.” 

Proposed emendation. Add the following sentence.

The Church acquired the Hill Cumorah in 1928 and restored the name Cumorah, by which it is still known today. 

However, many early members of the Church, including some of Joseph Smith’s closest friends and family members, referred to the hill as “Cumorah” at various times in Joseph Smith’s lifetime. 

While technically accurate, this is misleading because it implies these "early members of the Church" invented the term or adopted a false narrative. Historians should explain that Lucy Mack Smith related what Moroni told Joseph the first night, that Joseph referred to the hill as Cumorah even before he got the plates, that Oliver Cowdery explained it was Moroni who called the hill Cumorah, that Oliver declared it is a fact that the New York Cumorah is the same as the Cumorah/Ramah mentioned in the text, that David Whitmer met the messenger who had the plates and was going to Cumorah before going to Fayette, etc.

Proposed emendation. Replace the sentence with the following. 

Many early members of the Church, including some of Joseph Smith's closest friends and family members, related accounts that affirmed Moroni's identification of the hill as Cumorah. 

This is likely because Moroni, the Book of Mormon’s final author and the angel who met with Joseph Smith, wrote that he would “hide up the record in the earth” once he had finished adding a few words of his own (see Mormon 8:4, 14). 

This speculative sentence should be omitted because there are zero historical documents that state, imply, or even suggest that this is the reason why Joseph and his contemporaries referred to the hill as Cumorah. Instead, the historical references indicate that it was Moroni himself who identified the hill as Cumorah, along with the messenger to whom Joseph gave the plates before leaving Harmony (whom Joseph identified as one of the Three Nephites).

Proposed emendation. Delete the sentence. 

Since this passage follows Moroni’s account of the great final battle between the Nephites and Lamanites, which occurred at a hill called Cumorah, many assumed that Moroni buried the plates in the same hill (see Mormon 8:2–4) and it was there that Joseph later received the record. 

This speculative sentence should be omitted because there are zero historical documents that state, imply, or even suggest that this is the reason why Joseph and his contemporaries referred to the hill as Cumorah. To the contrary, President Cowdery stated it was a fact, not an assumption.

Proposed emendation. Delete the sentence. 

One of Joseph Smith’s later letters likewise refers to the “glad tiding from Cumorah” and the visit of “Moroni, an angel from heaven” (Doctrine and Covenants 128:20). 

By changing the word order and omitting part of the reference, the historians have changed the meaning of Joseph's letter. The entire sentence demonstrates that Joseph learned the name Cumorah from Moroni before he received the plates. Moroni told him about "the book to be revealed." (emphasis added)

Proposed emendation. Replace the edited quotation with the full quotation. 

Glad tidings from Cumorah! Moroni, an angel from heaven, declaring the fulfilment of the prophets—the book to be revealed. (Doctrine and Covenants 128:20)

While the Church “does not take a position on the specific geographic locations of Book of Mormon events in the ancient Americas,” records kept by Joseph Smith and his contemporaries make it clear that this hill is the place where Joseph Smith met with Moroni and where Joseph received the plates containing the Book of Mormon (see Gospel Topics: Book of Mormon Geography).

The entry on Book of Mormon Geography does not mention Cumorah. As such, it retains the teachings of the prophets from the beginning because they always emphasized two things: (i) Cumorah is in New York and (ii) we don't know the location of the other events in the New World.

Proposed emendation. Replace the sentence with this. 

While the Church “does not take a position on the specific geographic locations of Book of Mormon events in the ancient Americas,” the prophets have consistently taught two things: (i) Cumorah is in New York and (ii) we don't know the location of the other events in the New World. Additionally, retrospective records kept by Joseph Smith and his contemporaries make it clear that this hill is the place where Joseph Smith met with Moroni and where Joseph received the plates containing the Book of Mormon (see Gospel Topics: Book of Mormon Geography).

Improving Church websites: Cumorah

In the ongoing pursuit of clarity, charity and understanding, and always in the hope of improvement, we propose some additions to the narrative on a Church website regarding Cumorah.

One reason why Latter-day Saints don't know the history of Cumorah is because of explanations such as the following on the Church History Department's section on learning about historic sites and museums.

https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/learn/locations/hill-cumorah?lang=eng

The site does contain some useful information, but it completely ignores the historical sources and teachings of the prophets about Cumorah. It doesn't even provide links to those sources. Worse, it includes confusing and inconsistent material.

Original in blue, comments in red, and proposed emendations in green. (An "emendation" is an alteration intended to improve.)

_____

Hill Cumorah in Manchester, New York, is the place where Joseph Smith met annually with the angel Moroni from 1823 to 1827 and obtained the gold plates from which the Book of Mormon would be translated.

This is accurate but incomplete. It leaves readers without an answer to the obvious question: "Why is this hill named Cumorah?" 

It's not a difficult question to answer. 

Proposed emendation. Add the following sentence:

The hill is called "Cumorah" because that's how Moroni identified it when he first visited Joseph in September 1823.

   

Top of Cumorah

Proposed additional photo: Show the view from the top of the hill facing west, as Oliver Cowdery described it.

The events that took place at the Hill Cumorah were foundational to the establishment of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Directed by the angel Moroni, Joseph Smith found the golden plates deposited in the hill on September 22, 1823. note 1

Note 1. See https://www.josephsmithpapers.org/paper-summary/lucy-mack-smith-history-1844-1845/41 and D&C 128:20.

Joseph then met the angel there on the same date for the next three years until he was finally allowed to obtain the plates on September 22, 1827. From those plates, Joseph Smith translated the Book of Mormon by the gift and power of God. 

This incomplete explanation omits an essential part of the narrative Joseph and Oliver gave us. 

Proposed emendation. Delete the last sentence and replace it with what Joseph actually said:

"I obtained them and the Urim and Thummim with them, by the means of which I translated the plates and thus came the Book of Mormon." Note 2 

Note 2: See https://www.josephsmithpapers.org/paper-summary/elders-journal-july-1838/11

The site includes a variety of trails, the Angel Moroni Monument, and a visitors’ center.

No emendations needed.

Although it is commonly known as the Hill Cumorah, this name was not used sometime after the pivotal events of 1823–1827. 

This confusing sentence appears to be missing a word. We infer the historians meant to write "this name was not used until sometime after the pivotal events of 1823–1827." But if so, then the sentence is misleading.

There are no known documents from 1823-1827 regarding the plates, the hill, Moroni, the First Vision, or any other Restoration events. Everything we know about this time period was recorded retrospectively. We assume people talked about these events at the time they occurred. They just didn't write anything down until later. 

In fact, the claim that Joseph met Moroni in September 1827 is based on retrospective accounts. 

To be consistent, historians would observe that "the name "Moroni" was not used until sometime after the pivotal events of 1823-1827." Instead, relying on retrospective accounts, they state the dates of Moroni's visit as a fact. Which is fine.

But to be consistent, they should also state as a fact that it was Moroni who identified the hill as Cumorah in the first place. 

Proposed emendation. Replace this confusing sentence with the following. 

The hill is commonly known as the Hill Cumorah because that is what Moroni called it when he first visited Joseph Smith. Oliver Cowdery explained that it was a fact that this is the same hill referenced in Mormon 6:6. Note 3.

Note 3. See http://www.josephsmithpapers.org/paper-summary/history-1834-1836/90 

In the latter half of the nineteenth century, many residents of Wayne and Ontario Counties referred to it as “Gold Bible Hill” and “Mormon Hill.” 

Proposed emendation. Add the following sentence. 

The Church acquired the Hill Cumorah in 1928 and restored the name Cumorah, by which it is still known today.

However, many early members of the Church, including some of Joseph Smith’s closest friends and family members, referred to the hill as “Cumorah” at various times in Joseph Smith’s lifetime. 

While technically accurate, this is misleading because it implies these "early members of the Church" invented the term or adopted a false narrative. Historians should explain that Lucy Mack Smith related what Moroni told Joseph the first night, that Joseph referred to the hill as Cumorah even before he got the plates, that Oliver Cowdery explained it was Moroni who called the hill Cumorah, that Oliver declared it is a fact that the New York Cumorah is the same as the Cumorah/Ramah mentioned in the text, that David Whitmer met the messenger who had the plates and was going to Cumorah before going to Fayette, etc.

Proposed emendation. Replace the sentence with the following. 

Many early members of the Church, including some of Joseph Smith's closest friends and family members, related accounts that affirmed Moroni's identification of the hill as Cumorah. 

This is likely because Moroni, the Book of Mormon’s final author and the angel who met with Joseph Smith, wrote that he would “hide up the record in the earth” once he had finished adding a few words of his own (see Mormon 8:4, 14). 

This speculative sentence should be omitted because there are zero historical documents that state, imply, or even suggest that this is the reason why Joseph and his contemporaries referred to the hill as Cumorah. Instead, the historical references indicate that it was Moroni himself who identified the hill as Cumorah, along with the messenger to whom Joseph gave the plates before leaving Harmony (whom Joseph identified as one of the Three Nephites).

Proposed emendation. Delete the sentence. 

Since this passage follows Moroni’s account of the great final battle between the Nephites and Lamanites, which occurred at a hill called Cumorah, many assumed that Moroni buried the plates in the same hill (see Mormon 8:2–4) and it was there that Joseph later received the record. 

This speculative sentence should be omitted because there are zero historical documents that state, imply, or even suggest that this is the reason why Joseph and his contemporaries referred to the hill as Cumorah. To the contrary, President Cowdery stated it was a fact, not an assumption.

Proposed emendation. Delete the sentence. 

One of Joseph Smith’s later letters likewise refers to the “glad tiding from Cumorah” and the visit of “Moroni, an angel from heaven” (Doctrine and Covenants 128:20). 

By changing the word order and omitting part of the reference, the historians have changed the meaning of Joseph's letter. The entire sentence demonstrates that Joseph learned the name Cumorah from Moroni before he received the plates. Moroni told him about "the book to be revealed." (emphasis added)

Proposed emendation. Replace the edited quotation with the full quotation. 

Glad tidings from Cumorah! Moroni, an angel from heaven, declaring the fulfilment of the prophets—the book to be revealed. (Doctrine and Covenants 128:20)

While the Church “does not take a position on the specific geographic locations of Book of Mormon events in the ancient Americas,” records kept by Joseph Smith and his contemporaries make it clear that this hill is the place where Joseph Smith met with Moroni and where Joseph received the plates containing the Book of Mormon (see Gospel Topics: Book of Mormon Geography).

The entry on Book of Mormon Geography does not mention Cumorah. As such, it retains the teachings of the prophets from the beginning because they always emphasized two things: (i) Cumorah is in New York and (ii) we don't know the location of the other events in the New World.

Proposed emendation. Replace the sentence with this. 

While the Church “does not take a position on the specific geographic locations of Book of Mormon events in the ancient Americas,” the prophets have consistently taught two things: (i) Cumorah is in New York and (ii) we don't know the location of the other events in the New World. Additionally, retrospective records kept by Joseph Smith and his contemporaries make it clear that this hill is the place where Joseph Smith met with Moroni and where Joseph received the plates containing the Book of Mormon (see Gospel Topics: Book of Mormon Geography).

Update on Dartmouth - 1813-14

At my request, Dartmouth sent me the attendance records for Moor's Charity School for the year 1813-14. Hyrum Smith is not listed.

This leaves us with the only actual record of Hyrum's attendance being in the first quarter of 1814. 

Separately, Luck Mack Smith recalled that they enrolled Hyrum and that he came home sick, but she didn't give precise dates for either event. She dictated from memory 30 years after the fact, and she mentioned it just in passing, so it is not surprising that she would not state what month and year Hyrum attended.

The records from 1813-14 that Dartmouth sent me speak for themselves. We can all see that Hyrum is not listed. Some of Hyrum's classmates from 1814 are listed in the 1813 class, such as Alan Plumley from Hanover and James Johnson from Norwich, but most are different.

The 1813-14 list includes a Horace Smith from Hanover and a Noah Smith, who withdrew. I suppose someone could claim that "Horace" was actually "Hiram" or "Hyrum" if they want to believe that.

Below are the 1813-14 enrollment records for Moor's Charity School. Click on an image to enlarge it.

(Note: I added the 1814-1815 enrollment records after the 1813-14 records.)

1814-1915 enrollment records for Moor's Charity School.

This one shows Hiram (Hyrum) Smith enrolled for the first quarter (fall) only, with no further mention of him for the second through fourth quarters.

Dartmouth and the FAITH model

A well-known paper titled "Dartmouth Arminianism And Its Impact on Hyrum Smith And the Smith Family" was published in 2006 by the John Whitmer Historical Association Journal, written by Richard K. Behrens. It is located online here: https://www.jstor.org/stable/43200240. Hereafter I'll refer to it as the "Behrens paper." 

LDS apologists and critics approach this topic differently. Critics tend to portray Hyrum as having assimilated the theological concepts circulating at Dartmouth, which he then imparted to his younger brother Joseph, who then expressed them in the Book of Mormon, D&C, various sermons, etc.

Apologists tend to minimize Hyrum's experience in Hanover, observing that he wasn't attending Dartmouth but instead Moor's Indian Charity school, and even then he attended only briefly. They tend to resist the idea that Joseph's revelations were influenced by (or the product of) what he learned from Hyrum, largely because most modern apologists don't think Joseph actually translated anything but instead was an ignorant farm boy to whom every word was revealed (such as through the stone-in-the-hat or SITH).

In my view, the Lord prepared Joseph from a young age to become a translator and prophet, which included giving Joseph the handicap (leg surgery) that turned him into a religious seeker and a thoughtful reader of Christian material. As Joseph put it, he had "an intimate acquaintance with those of different denominations," such that anything Hyrum shared from the school he attended was simply part of Joseph's preparation.

In other words, I understand the competing narratives but IMO both are not well founded. I encourage everyone to apply the FAITH model of analysis to clarify the different interpretations, in the spirit of charity (assuming everyone acts with good intentions) and in the pursuit of understanding instead of argument and debate designed to convince of, or coerce compliance with, a particular point of view.

_____

The Behrens paper is a good example of why the academic world should move toward adopting the FAITH model of analysis. This model clearly distinguishes between Facts on one hand, and Assumptions, Inferences, Theories and Hypotheses on the other.

The topic of Hyrum's attendance at Dartmouth involves only a few objective, clear facts. Everyone can see and agree upon these facts. 

The Behrens paper creates a narrative that extends far beyond the known facts through a series of assumptions and inferences, apparently driven by the author's overriding hypothesis.

One of the final paragraphs in the paper summarizes the author's conclusions:

Hyrum’s exposure to Dartmouth’s theology, cosmology, ancient language studies, architecture, Ethan Smith’s son Lyndon, and Solomon Spaulding’s nephew James Spaulding from Sharon, Vermont, who was attending the Medical School, all provided discussion material for tutoring Joseph during his long recovery from leg surgery that kept Joseph at home on crutches until the Smith family reached Palmyra.

To assess the plausibility of these conclusions, we should begin with the known facts.

_____

Known Facts

The known historical documents provide us with this information about Hiram's (Hyrum's) attendance at Moor's school. Everyone, regardless of their assumptions, inferences, theories, and hypotheses, agrees with these facts. 

Whether the contents of these documents are accurate, reliable, credible, etc., is a separate matter that invokes assumptions, inferences, etc.

1. "Hiram Smith" is listed on the tuition rolls of Moor's school for the first quarter of 1814, studying "Arithmetic," with his home town in Hanover, and he paid no tuition because he attended as a "Charity Scholar."

2. The other Charity Scholars at Moor's school studied these subjects:

1 student -  "Virg. & Gr. Test," (presumably Virgil and Greek New Testament)

2 students - "Virgil" 

1 student - "Mathematics" 

1 student - "Navigation & Eng. Gr."

3 students - "Reading" 

The ages of the students are not shown so it is impossible to say how old the "Reading" students were or even what they were reading.

The paying students studied these subjects: 

5 students - "Cic. de Or. & Gr. Test." (presumably Cicero de Oratore in Latin and the Greek New Testament)

1 student - "Cic. & Arith." 

6 students - Virgil

1 student - "Gr. Test. & Cic" 

2 students - "Lat. Primer 1/2 gr"  

2 students - "Lat. Primer"  

Tuition record from Moor's I.C. (Indian Charity) School from Aug 1814 to Aug 1815,
First quarter from Aug 28th to Nov. 19th 1814.
(click to enlarge)

 

3. No other extant tuition or attendance documents from Moor's school include Hiram/Hyrum as a student or refer to him in any way.

For the full records for 1814-1915, see 

https://mormonr.org/files/0g2tC8/scan-htH5td-0g2tC8.pdf?r=htH5td&t=eyJhbGciOiJkaXIiLCJlbmMiOiJBMjU2R0NNIn0..wkmOvDnsR8Pm7jDQ.JcPX5PZClptaGXyi_mwXwkNtOge-xHVGNoF7BCP9qcnIQwGibJQntyfq7zItzqP816nvT4MCHaXSBZ7HMSv-IUlXeWnF0oJri153kw4BU93KbmDfg2ZMC2hO6eaFl4VLMWPD5rXlHJ-vpWgbCe4tdSMY66cqrVzzuZISrjeDl2iHBhe-S6okaLLNsgwYvtBn1qjXX4uCYQdnHJvZeS2fW9Q-U6VyteQYBEp2sTv2uj_hlzWgo_m7snlQYq93JC7l97oCMZJQwzDd5qbPRHcAJxNqpIyBqdEcdKSidJvIv8XKucusW64WnrE7FzSU0FjOKeGKogBb0x6fiJknAkCDDHjfsV9EpKXFF3TtiC_aPw4DONp43Xzu_RAORO5f6cmgLOSTwUlvGmiVLLHmf8Cya7mNsvA.Drq7BNvaRU31x4hOCh_BJQ

and for 1816

https://mormonr.org/files/ZFhmCh/scan-9LK9tc-ZFhmCh.pdf?r=9LK9tc&t=eyJhbGciOiJkaXIiLCJlbmMiOiJBMjU2R0NNIn0..JxHR4QbsASNWPay5.Y9M686v3dzZ5p8HezsLoyf8nNSP85_NKChL8TSwWZJ9fI80d_JG3fR4oKV-MvK0W4ayIqeiBfbSdWdu1J7aOBOg9rnjvENp81ag2Xl5WiqvkSwKA6gEjeBq5xjVGpEUFFsuJ0CUY6lEC8E2RlMXH6IH-rXudAy7CZV2dhd3LP06F_INyHdc_RANA4PB3e6U5HfQw6Nzi0c5eF6Umr0FI4UE71ELW7n81dJKxIINuhJTiUG6NyyCLKkBG0bFL-5beun9eREh4HkReVD0-6D6aZe-IN4KxItNYG8kIoTzvoRF0Ln5C1XyTdltp16BT0fTXivsqhrx9WtgAGMJ83oRaopb5-6ShjpkSDx5sj5DQ5g4lTlkbXjggm-Qc9a5J6Xm4UtpOK2J-Ef7mRAR9oltvteZ6JLI.ykbRowponGlSLBBWxWifcw

4. In 1844-5, after Hyrum had been murdered, Lucy Mack Smith, Hyrum's mother, recalled that sometime after 1811 when the family moved to Lebanon "as my children had been deprived of school we made every arrangement to suply that deficency our second son <​Hyrum​> we <​established in​> the accademy in Hanover" [1844-45 history]  and "we established our second son (Hyrum) in an academy at Hanover" [1845 history].  

5. Lucy added, "<in 1813> the typhus fever came into Lebanon and raged there horribly among the rest who were seized with this complaint was my oldest daughter Sophronia who was sick 4 weeks next Hyrum came from Hanover <sick> with the same disease" [1844-5] and "The typhus fever came into Lebanon, and raged tremendously; and among the number seized with this complaint; was first Sophronia, and then Hyrum, who was taken while at School and came home sick" [1845]  

https://www.josephsmithpapers.org/paper-summary/lucy-mack-smith-history-1844-1845/33  

https://www.josephsmithpapers.org/paper-summary/lucy-mack-smith-history-1845/63 

6. Lucy added, "After one whole year of affliction we were able once more to look upon our children and each other in health...My Husband now determined to change his residence accordingly we moved to Norrige in <​vermont​>." [1844-5 history]  "Shortly after sickness left us, we moved to Norwich, in the state of Vermont." [1845 history] 

7.  The precise date (or even month) of the typhus outbreak in West Lebanon, NH, is unknown, but it most likely began in November or December 1812 because of the epidemiological tendency of typhus to surge in colder months when people are in close quarters, supporting a late fall onset in the winter of 1812–1813.

Assumptions and Inferences

These facts support a variety of assumptions and inferences.

1. Based on Lucy Mack Smith's vague recollections in 1844-5, Hyrum started attending Moor's school ("the academy in Hanover") sometime in after the family moved to Lebanon in 1811, which could mean in the year 1811 or sometime in 1812 (after the family had established themselves), until early 1813 due to the typhus outbreak. This gives a range of possibility from anywhere between two years to a few months. The Dartmouth records don't show his name because they were lost, because he started school late after the tuition was recorded, or for some other reason.

2. In the fall of 1814, after everyone in the family had recovered, Hyrum was able to return to school to study "Arithmetic" for one quarter as indicated on the Moor's school records. Maybe he also attended during other quarters in 1813 or 1814, but his name does not appear on the records of the final 3 quarters for 1814 even though his classmates' names do appear. 

3. The extant record from the fall of 1814 shows Hyrum studying "Arithmetic." Compared with the subjects his classmates were studying, "Arithmetic" is fairly basic, if not remedial. This reality lends credence to the lower range of his school attendance, more likely only a few months in 1812 than two or more full years. Alternatively, the fact that by 1814 Hyrum was still studying "Arithmetic" could mean he was a poor student.

4. Whether Hyrum's attendance at Moor's school was limited or he was a poor student, in either case it is not plausible that he was attending sophisticated theology lectures, engaging in philosophical debates and discussions, studying architecture, and otherwise participating in the advanced intellectual activities at Dartmouth college.

5. On the other hand, maybe Lucy downplayed Hyrum's attendance and in reality Hyrum spent several years at Moor's academy, which exposed him to the advanced intellectual activities at Dartmouth college. Maybe Hyrum was an exceptional student who understood and remembered what he heard at hundreds of lectures and during innumerable conversations and debates. Maybe the records were lost or nonexistent for some reason other than that Hyrum simply wasn't there.

The purpose of this analysis is to differentiate between facts upon which everyone can agree, and assumptions and inferences upon which people probably disagree, depending on their subjective weighing of the evidence, their confirmation bias, their worldview, their own experience, etc.

By separating facts and clearly spelling out assumptions, inferences and theories, everyone can make informed decisions about the ultimate hypotheses about Hyrum's experience in Hanover.

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With this background, we can assess the author's objectives for his article. The Introduction summarizes these objectives (I added the numbering for clarity)

In this paper I shall demonstrate

(i) the close relationship between the early Dartmouth College community and curriculum (see exhibits 2 and 3); 

(ii) the members of the extended family of the prophet Joseph Smith, who were an integral part of that community from 1771 to 1817 (see exhibit 1 and exhibit 4); 

(iii) and subsequent Mormon doctrine and community, which emerged under the direction of Joseph Smith (see exhibit 5). 

I shall proceed to develop a plausible intellectual development view of Joseph Smith from the perspective of his brother Hyrum Smith.

If you read the paper, keep in mind these objectives because they explain why the author did what he did in the paper.

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In the pursuit of clarity, charity, and understanding, I did a detailed review, which you can see here. The review is preliminary, pending new information and comments, before I finalize it and post it on this blog and on academia.org.

https://interpreterpeerreviews.blogspot.com/2025/06/behrens-paper-on-dartmouth.html

In the spirit of charity I assume Behrens researched and wrote in good faith. In 2006 there were probably not as many online sources. Maybe detailed citations were not expected back then, although I used to require them from students and from myself...

The paper is replete with the author's conclusions about how deeply Dartmouth affected Hyrum for the rest of his life, including science, architecture, and theology.

But unfortunately the paper is also replete with factual errors, compound assumptions and inferences, poor to nonexistent citations, and logical fallacies. 

Conclusion: Unless and until additional evidence comes forth, the connection between Joseph Smith and Dartmouth is tenuous at best. The only connection is through his brother Hyrum, who attended Moor's school as a "Charity Scholar" for perhaps as little as one quarter in 1812 and one quarter in 1814 to learn "Arithmetic" while his classmates studied Virgil and Mathematics. 

Hyrum apparently taught Joseph about the arithmetic he had learned at Moor's school. Joseph mentioned in his 1832 history that “I was mearly instructtid in reading and writing and the ground <rules> of Arithmatic which const[it]uted my whole literary acquirements.” 

Beyond that, the connections with Dartmouth appear illusory at best.

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Dartmouth College in the early 1800s.

https://dartreview.com/history-of-dartmouth-college-vol-1-a-review/

(click to enlarge)

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dartmouth_College_campus_-_The_Green,_early_1800s.jpg